Ivan Pavlov and John Watson Classical Conditioning

1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
digestive enzymes
Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
Measured amounts of food where brought to dogs, the dogs salivated before the food was brought because they associated the food with the noise.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
conditioned stimulus: the bell; unconditioned stimulus: food; conditioned response: the dog's saliva
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
a weakening and dissapearance of the CR tendency
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
a response to a stimulus that is associated to other stimuli that occurs to other stimuli.
6. Explain what sstimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
to learn how to respond to one stimulus
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
he had to re-route the dogs salivary glands, and he only tested 2 dogs
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
that we learn by associating things.

Source:

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html


http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/pavlov.html

John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
he got a small kid and exposed him to rats and other furry objects, the kid did not have any reaction. Then they put the same things but they made a sound by hitting a metal pipe, this time the boy cried. After this, the little boy got scared by just seeing the object.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study
conditioned: rat; unconditioned: the sound; conditioned response: fear.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
he only tested one kid and that it can not be replicated
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.
it talks about the importance of repetition
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.
the response that occured most recently
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
that you could change anyone if they changed their behavior.

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson


http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/watson.htm

Summary Article #3

This article says that according to a research students who feel more alert and do their best work later in the day, have lower sleep hygiene scores. Sleep hygiene is the group of behaviors linked to good sleep and alertness. This includes having a regular bed time routine, a regular wake and bed time, and a comfortable bed to sleep in. According to the research students that have a poor sleep hygiene, have low GPA (grade point average). Results indicate that evening types had a significantly lower grade point average that morning and intermediate types. The evening types slept forty one minutes less than the other types. Many students have deterioration in sleep hygiene during their transition from high school to college. The authors of the study stated that educating high school students about poor sleep hygiene will improve academic performance.

Summary Article #2

This article says that students with a delayed start time sleep longer, and report less daytime sleepiness. This study was focused on 259 high school students who completed a School Sleep Habits questionnaire. Before the school delay, the students sleeping mean was of 7.03 hours per school night, with an average bed-time of 10:52 p.m. and an average wake-up time as 6:12 a.m. According to the results, the school started 45 minutes later than usual, the students slept a significantly longer amount of time. These changes were on all age groups of the school. Many students reported no sleepiness during school days. The students utilized 83 percent of the 40 minute delay given sleeping. It is recommended that teenagers get at least nine hours of sleep per night.

Summari Article #1

A recent study shows that when schools start one hour later, students increased their hours of sleep, and decreased their catch up sleep in the weekends. This created fewer automobilistic accidents with students. The percentage of students who got at least eight hours of sleep per weeknight increased from 35.7 % to 50%. Students who got at least nine hours of sleep also increased from 6.3 % to 10.8 %. There were many more crashes prior to the change in class start time.